The mobility of chemical elements during the transition from molybdenum ore processing waste to aqueous solutions and the hydrochemical anomalies of a number of elements in surface and underground waters in the vicinity of an abandoned tailings dump were investigated. It is shown that alkaline and alkaline earth metals have high mobilitythe main rock-forming components (sodium, lithium, magnesium, strontium), which are released into solution due to leaching from the minerals of the host rocks, as well as metals with zinc, cadmium, manganese, and nickel, which are released into solution due to the dissolution of ore sulfides. Elements with high mobility include Sb, Co, Cu, Be, Se, and Tl. Medium mobility has As, an element of the first hazard class, as well as Mo, Fe, and Pb. Hydrochemical anomalies of cadmium, arsenic, molybdenum, and lead have been determined. The nature of the arsenic and molybdenum anomalies is most likely related to the regional background, while the source of cadmium and lead is most likely the waste studied. The main chemical forms of the presence of elements in the solution of ponds on the surface of tailings ponds are free-ion and sulfate complexes. For example, in the samples of the Shakhtama River and groundwater, we found carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide complexes. The information obtained should be taken into account when planning measures for the purification of surface and groundwater from metals. Additional studies should consider using groundwater in the vicinity of the tailings for drinking water supply.