The formulations and general approaches to the back analysis problems in verification of geomechanical models and in estimation of the parameters that govern the state and properties of mine-technical objects of any scale are considered. For the illustrative purposes, the authors propose the methods: canister test data interpretation which allows quantitative evaluation of gas-kinetic characteristic od coal (gas content, coefficients of diffusion and mass exchange) by the value of pressure in the sealed vessel containing slurry coal; determination of rheological characteristics of petroliferous strata with high content of organic matter by the thermobaric test results; prediction of weak seismicity level in the Baikal rift zone, induced by variation of water-level in the Lake Baikal; diagnosis of state of antiseepage screen at liquid effluent pond dam by the piezometric measurements in terms of thermohydrodynamic model of thawed and frozen rock mass.