This paper considers the deformation of Al/B4C and NiTi/TiC composites and 6061T6 aluminum alloy with double-layer composite coatings reinforced by B4C and TiC particles. Three- and two-dimensional dynamic problems are solved numerically using Abaqus/Explicit. The thermomechanical behavior of homogeneous aluminum matrices and substrates is modeled by an isotropic elastic-plastic formulation. The nitinol matrix implies the possibility of a completely reversible elastic phase transition from austenite to martensite upon reaching the critical equivalent strains. The fracture of particles in the composite coating is modeled using the Huber criterion, taking into account the stress mode type. The study also examines the effects of the volume fraction of boron carbide particles and the phase transition in NiTi on the magnitude of residual stresses and strains in composites after cooling and under mechanical loads. The influence of the arrangement of composite layers on the strength of the material with a double-layer coating is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The results of the experiments qualitatively confirm the simulation results.