Two contrasting petrotectonic domains in the Kokchetav megamelange (north Kazakhstan): Difference in exhumation mechanisms of ultrahigh-pressure crustal rocks, or a result of subsequent deformation?
In northern Kazakhstan the WNW striking Kokchetav megamelange includes different crustal sequences with high-pressure/ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) remnants of their 540-520 Ma subduction metamorphism. Two domains separated by the north-east trending Chaglinka fault are distinguished. The western domain exhibits NE-SW structures within a single Kumdy-Kol megaunit of diamond-bearing UHP metasediments and high-temperature (HT) eclogites. The eastern domain consists of the composite Kulet megaunit with the Kulet UHP unit (coesite-bearing metasediments, whiteschists and eclogites), the Enbek-Berlyk medium-pressure (MP) unit (kyanite-bearing, high-alumina rocks with interleaved coronitic metagabbro), and ortho- and paragneisses with eclogites and amphibolites included. All eclogites in the eastern domain are of the relatively low temperature (LT) type. Sillimanite is common and appears after kyanite in the sheared MP unit. A regional and moderately ESE plunging linear fabric coincides with the fold-axis of the foliation poles from the eastern domain. Whether this also reflects a regional top to the WNW transport, as inferred from the dextral strike-slip on steeply to SSW dipping foliation, needs further study. Top to the WNW shear is shown by weakly inclined low pressure (LP) cordierite rocks that flank the eastern domain in the south. Some new Ar-39/Ar-40 mica cooling ages (519, 521 Ma) from the Kulet UHP micaschists reflect the same early stage evolutionary event as was previously shown for the Kumdy-Kol UHP rocks (515, 517 Ma) in the west. Similar Ar-39/Ar-40 ages (500, 517 Ma) are recorded by micas and amphibole that outline a top to NNW shear fabric in the non-subducted Proterozoic basement, north of the megamelange. A 447 Ma overprint of the MP sequences is considered to reflect the strike-slip deformation with sillimanite and the reworking of an early kyanite-bearing tectonite. Biotites from the LP cordierite rocks yielded approximately 400 Ma Ar-39/Ar-40 ages. In case they reflect the WNW shear deformation, the latter is considered to be associated with a regional granite magmatism (420-460 Ma) extending south of the eastern domain. In their present different structural domains the Kulet and Kumdy-Kol UHP units display a similar early stage event. Subsequent LP deformation, which is likely to be associated with regional granite magmatism (420-460 Ma), is assumed to have obliterated any common or uniform early exhumation structure for the whole megamelange. The north-east structured Kumdy-Kol domain is assumed to have preserved the most information about the early stage exhumation. This domain is at an angle to the regional WNW strike of the megamelange.
